SouthAmericaCulture

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 * Directions**: Answer each essential question, listing five facts for each. After, email this document to the following email address:

Samericanculture@yahoo.com



__Learn to make fresh Paraguayan Corn Bread!__



(Google Images)

=**Seven Aspects of Culture:**= =**T**echnology= =**E**conomics= =**P**olitics= =**L**anguage **A**rt and Tradition= =**R**eligion= =**S**ocial Organization=

=__CULTURE: LETS BEGIN!__= = =



<< All Google Images>>

=//I. Early Inhabitants//= = = = = II. Colonization
 * A. Amerindians
 * 1. First lived as nomadic tribes
 * 2. First people to cultivate cacao, chilies, corn, kidney and lima beans, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and tobacco
 * B. Incas
 * 1. Lived in the Andes in what is now Peru
 * 2. Stood as a center of a far-flung communications network extending over the Andes, from Quito, Ecuador, south to Argentina.
 * 3. Cut terraces into steep hillsides and used irrigation canals to carry water to their crops
 * 4. No written language
 * 5. To keep records, they used a sophisticated and highly accurate system of knotted strings, know as quipu
 * A. Spanish and Portuguese-16th century
 * 1. Established plantations to grow sugar cane, tobacco, and other crops to export to Europe
 * a. Brought millions of Africans to Latin America and forced them to work as slaves
 * i. Strong African traditions
 * 2. Brought European disease, which the Indians had no natural immunity
 * 3. Roman Catholic missionaries came to convert Indians to Christianity
 * 4. Established a new system of government
 * 5. Brought new languages

<<(All Google Images)>>

III. Current Culture << All Google Images>> = = L. People: Three Main Racial Heritages
 * A. City Life
 * 1. Cities resemble those in the United States and Canada
 * 2. Old sections of cities contain Spanish-style buildings, which are made of stone or adobe, and many have decorative iron grillwork over the windows
 * 3. Since the 1990s, urban violence has risen sharply
 * B. Rural Life
 * 1. Until the late 1900's, many people lived and worked on small family farms in isolated areas
 * 2. Little or no modern equipment or chemical fertilizers
 * 3. Traditional methods, which depend upon hand tools and animal labor, enabled them to make a living from lands that would be too difficult to cultivate with more modern methods
 * 4. Since the late 1900's, many small farmers have left rural areas, and rural traditions have faded
 * 5. Plantations, found mainly in Brazil and coastal areas, continue to be important today
 * a. Produce coffee, flowers, spices, and sugar for export
 * b. Efficient and highly profitable
 * 6. Homes
 * a. one-two rooms
 * b. tropical areas-made of wood or dried mud and sticks, dirt floors, and thatch or tin roofs
 * clearninglatinamerica » SouthAmericaCulture. mountain villages-built of stone or adobe and have red tile roofs
 * d. wealthy landowners-luxurious mansions on their estates
 * 7. Communities
 * a. Some consist of only a few houses
 * b. Larger settlements have a church, shops, and government buildings arranged around a public square called a plaza
 * 8. Work in mining, tourism, cattle ranches, fishing or raising llamas and other animals
 * 9. Those in remote areas continue to follow precolonial ways of life
 * C. Family Life
 * 1. Extended family
 * 2. Family dynamics
 * a. Roman Catholic and Protestant families-male has head authority in the household
 * b. Indigenous groups-equal authority between men and women
 * D. Work
 * 1. Traditionally, only men were expected to work outside the home
 * 2. Women stayed home to care for their families
 * 3. Since the mid-1900s, attitudes have changed and increasing educational and career opportunities have become available to women
 * 1. An important social institution
 * F. Clothing
 * 1. Varies from region to region, depending on climate and custom
 * G. Food and Drink
 * 1. People in the mountainous areas eat potatoes and chew leaves of the coca shrub
 * 2. People in tropical areas eat cassava, bananas, mangoes, oranges and pineapples
 * 3. People in Argentina and Uruguay eat many foods made from wheat and beef
 * 4. In coastal areas and along rivers, fish and shellfish is popular
 * 5. In some regions, dishes are highly seasoned with onions and hot peppers
 * 6. Tea called mate is popular
 * 7. Favorite alcoholic drinks include beer, rum, wine, and aguardiente
 * H. Recreation
 * 1. Soccer is the most popular sport
 * 2. Feistas
 * I. Education
 * 1. More than 90 percent of the people can read and write in most countries
 * 2. Every country has a public school system
 * J. Architecture
 * 1. Stone walls built by Incas in Cusco, Peru
 * a. No mortar
 * b. Could withstand earthquakes
 * 2. 1600s-cathedrals, mansions and palaces built in Baroque style
 * a. carved columns
 * b. ornate sculptures
 * c. gold and silver colored tiles
 * K. Music
 * 1. Joao Gilberto and Antonio Carlos Jobim
 * a. led bossa nova movement in the 1950s and 1960s
 * 2. Shakira
 * a. Colombian-born
 * b. sold millions of records worldwide
 * c. English- and Spanish- language pop songs are influenced by her Colombian and Lebanese background
 * 3. Milton Nascimento and Caetano Veloso
 * a. popular Brazilian musicians
 * b. won worldwide recognition
 * 4. Precolonial people
 * a. Music was important
 * b. Traditional instruments such as panpipes ( a kind of flute )
 * 5. Influence
 * Native South Americans influenced music
 * Spanish
 * Africans brought to the area as slaves
 * Roman Catholicism
 * Music played is a mixture of Native South Americans, Spanish, and African style
 * 6. Different types of music for
 * agricultural labor
 * building houses
 * funerals
 * marketing cattle, sheep, and goats
 * traditional dances & traditional dance songs
 * 7. Lyrics
 * Spanish
 * Quechua
 * Songs are usually about Earth, seasons, harvest time, ove, family, children, and stars
 * 8. Instruments
 * pan pipes
 * flutes
 * rattles
 * guitar (introduced by Spanish)
 * native guitar called charango
 * drum
 * harps
 * mandolins
 * violins
 * oboes
 * 9. Popular Styles
 * Valses (Waltzes)
 * Tango
 * Salsa
 * Soca
 * 1. Caucasian- live in Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil
 * 2. African Americans- live in Brazil and Columbia
 * 3. Indian- live in Andean Highlands (mostly Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador) & in wet tropical lowlands

//--All CultureGrams//

M. Language N. Religion > >> > >> //CultureGrams// > //4.// O. Holidays //Google Images// //Carnival Rio// --Culture Grams
 * 1. Spanish-official language
 * 2. Several dialects of Portuguese in Brazil
 * 3. English & Dutch used in Guyana and Suriname
 * 4. French- the language of French Guiana
 * 5. Many Indians are monolingual and only speak their native languages
 * 1. Roman Catholicism
 * Found all throughout South America
 * One of the most common religions
 * Conservative Protestant sects are attracting and increasing the numbers of converts (particularly in Brazil's urban slums)
 * 2. Argentina has the largest Jewish population, estimated at nearly 500,000 in 2003
 * 3. Religious Patterns in South America Statistics
 * 31% of Uruguayans have no religion
 * 27% of the people of Suriname are Hindus
 * 10% of Paraguayans are Mennonites.
 * 1. Ano Nove ( AKA: New Years Day, Revillon, Rio de Janerio)
 * //Whole country celebrates New Year's Day//
 * //Anywhere up to 2 million people gather to celebrate on the beach to enjoy//
 * //Fireworks//
 * //Live music//
 * //In some areas Candomble believers dress in white and blue in order to//
 * //Honor the sea goddess -Iemanja//
 * //Gain energy for the new year//
 * //2. Carnival Rio (late February - early March)//
 * //Takes place during the 5 day up to Ash Wednesday, with the last day of Carnival falling on Shrove Tuesday//
 * //The most famous events during the 5 days of Carnival are the Rio Carnival//
 * //People celebrate with street parades//
 * //Sambas//
 * //Group dancing//
 * //Parties//
 * //Costumes//
 * //Conga drums//
 * //Music//
 * //During the week of Carnival, crimes and car accident rates are usually high.//
 * //3. Good Friday//
 * Mainly celebrated by the Roman Catholic nation
 * However, it is a national holiday in Brazil
 * 4. Tiradentes Day (Brazil)
 * Commemorates the death of Brazilian national hero, Joaquim Jose da Silva Xavier
 * Joaquim was a dentist
 * Nationalist
 * Died fighting for independence.
 * This holiday got its name by "tiradentes" meaning "tooth-puller".
 * 5. Labor Day (May 1st)
 * 6. Corpus Christi (June 10th)
 * Brazilian hoiday
 * Signifying close association with the Roman Catholic Church
 * 7. Christmas (December 25th)
 * Christmas in Brazil officially starts on December 24, and is a half-day holiday.
 * Christmas Day itself is known as Feliz Natal.
 * In Brazil, Christmas is actually the height of the summer season here - so there would be no snow in sight. On Christmas Eve, people eat big meals and exchange gifts.
 * 8. Dia de la Raza (Oct 12th)
 * Celebrates the discovery of the Americans
 * Celebrates the resulting mix of ethnicities

P. Education Google Images Q. Greetings R. Gestures S. Agriculture T. Transportation > > //Culture Grams// > //**The South American Countries:**//
 * 1. Highest Ranks
 * Argentina, Chile, Guyana and Uruguay do the most effective job of educating their citizens
 * Literacy rates are very high
 * Reach 96 % and greater
 * 2. Lowest Ranks
 * Brazil (literacy rate of 86.4 %)
 * Bolivia (literacy rate of 87.2%
 * 3. Generally, the percent of women who are literate is less than the percent of literate men.
 * 4. In rural areas there are greater percentages of illiterates than in urban areas
 * 5. Meeting for the first time
 * Shake hands
 * Exchange good wishes
 * 6. Close friends
 * Kiss on the cheek
 * Shake hands
 * 7. New acquaintance
 * Address them by title (such as Senor, Senora, Doctor, Doctora, etc.)
 * When someone closer to your age or friends are talking to one another they are not as formal.
 * 1. Draw circle in the air with index finger- means "be right back"
 * 2. Stick out hand, as if to shake hands, and twist wrist as if waving- means "sorry"
 * 3. Puckering or pursing lips- pointing
 * 4. Lifting chin- means "up the road"
 * 5. Lowering chin- means "down the road"
 * 6. Impolite gestures include
 * Yawning
 * Whistling
 * Yelling to get someone's attention
 * Pointing with the index finger
 * 1. Countries are known for their agricultural commodities.
 * 2. Brazil -the world's leading exporter of
 * Coffee
 * Sugarcane production
 * One of the world's chief exporters of cacao
 * Forest products (but nation's forest are most threatened by development)
 * 3. Ecuador
 * Bananas are the main crop
 * Ranked for several decades as the world's number-one exporter.
 * 4. Chile is internationally famous for its wines.
 * 5. Argentina and Brazil produce large numbers of beef cattle.
 * 6. Uruguay
 * Ranks second behind Argentina in number of sheep (but it has more than six sheep per person, which is the highest in the world)
 * Pigs are raised all throughout the continent
 * 8. South America's chief food crops Maize
 * Rice
 * Wheat supplemented with beans and root crops (such as)
 * Cassava
 * Potatoes
 * 9. Peru
 * Exploits one of South America's major biological resources just off its coast: the anchovy.
 * Peruvian fishermen caught enough anchovies from 1962 to 1972 to propel their country into first place in the world for volume of fish caught.
 * The anchovies are ground into fish meal, which is exported primarily to Europe for use in chicken feed and in fertilizer
 * 1. Longest Rail Networks
 * Argentina
 * Brazil
 * Chile
 * 2. Airplanes (important for maintaining communications)
 * 3. Railroads, Highways, Waterways
 * Brazil
 * Argentina
 * Venezuela
 * Columbia
 * Each of these countries supplement their railroads and highways with important inland waterway
 * //The Hidrovía project//
 * //A planned waterway to link the Paraguay and Paraná rivers- has raised environmental concerns.//
 * //Its backers argue that it would cut regional shipping costs and give Paraguay and Bolivia an outlet to the sea.//

// <<<< All Google Images>>>>//


 * //I. Argentina//**


 * //**A. T**echnology//

>> 2. Industry contains meatpacking, flour milling, sugar refining, and wine making >> 3. Buenos Aires- high concentration of factories >> 4. Natural gases that are burned by plants supply Agrentina with more then half of its electric power > >> 2. Agriculture contributes 10 % of GNP and employs 20% of labor force > >> 3. One of world’s leading beef producers and sheep, pig, and horse producers > >> 4. 23% woodland > >> 5. Mining- copper, lead, zinc, and coal > >> 6. Main mineral resources are petroleum and natural gas > >> 7. Imports from US, Brazil (largest trading partner), Germany, Italy, France, and Japan > >> 8. Exports to Italy, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Brazil, Germany, the US, and China > >> 9. Currency: Peso > >> 10. Per capita GDP: $10,000 > >> 11. Still under foreign debts > >> //12. Since early 2000's- toruism gained more importance to majorite of Agrentina's economy// > >> 2. Headed by president with vice president elected by direct popular vote to four-year term, with a two-term limit > >> //3. 2-member Senate elected by direct popular vote has legislative power with also a 257-member Chamber of Deputies elected by universal suffrage// > >> 4. National congress has two houses > >> 5. Voting age is 18 years old
 * 1. Manufactures automobiles, machinery, chemicals, iron, and steel
 * //**B. E**conomics//
 * 1. Industry contributes over 1/3 of GNP, and employs ¼ of labor force
 * //**C. P**olitics/ Government//
 * //1. Republic type of government// – 23 provinces
 * //**D. L**anguage//

>> 2.Each region in Argentina acquire different accents (Buenos Aires accent is known to be the most distinctive, and it was influenced by the Italians) >> 3. Also speak English, Italian, German and French >> 4. Many indigenous people spreak: Quechua, Guaraní, and Mapuche > >> 2. The Colón- an opera house located in Buenos Aires > >> 3. Strong Native American influence – in folk arts, horn-carving, silver work, leather work, ceramics, and weaving > >> 4. A type of dance called the tango was invented in the country of Argentina. > >> 5. Cowboy (the gaucho) – is an important symbol in Argentina, and is frequently found in paintings and literature > >> 2. In the constitution of Argentina, there is a rule which states at all candidates who run for the office of president or vice president must be Roman Catholic. > >> 3. About 7%- apart of a protestant church > >> 4. About 2% - Jewish > >> 2. Rural families are larger > >> 3. Mother- takes care of children, household finances, and she is usually the family decision maker > >> 4. Men work long hours- outside, and a typical day begins before 9:00 AM > >> 5. 1987- Divorcing was made legal in Argentina > >> 6. Many Argentines have two family names > >> 2. New Year’s Day > >> 3. Good Friday and Easter, Labor Day (May 1) > >> 4. May Revolution’s Anniversary- May 25 > >> 5. Malvinas Day – June 10 > >> 6. Flag Day- June 20 > >> 7. Independence Day- July 9th > >> 8. José de San Martín (Liberator for Argentina during the defeat of the Spanish in 1812) – August 17 > >> 9. Student day – September 21 > >> 2. Urban areas- kiss on the cheek when people meet > >> 3. Impolite to call out a greeting > >> 4. ¡Buenos días!, ¡Buenas tardes! – When people pass each other on the streets, or acquaintances > >> 2. Most Argentines eat a “snack” during the middle of the day- consist of tea and a snack > >> 3. Elbows are not allows on the table > >> 4. Disrespectful gestures when one is eating: Using a toothpick (even in public), when one is blowing his or her nose, talking with his or her mouth full of food, and the clearing of ones throat at the table > >> 5. Tipping is not require, but recommended at a restaurant > >> 6. Common foods: Empanadas (meat or vegetable turnover), and asado (barbequed food items) > >> 7. Ice cream- favorite food year around, parlors usually consist of more then 60 different flavors
 * //1. Official Language- Spanish//
 * E. A**rt and Tradition**
 * 1. Argentina is vigorously influenced by music and operas
 * **F. R**eligion
 * 1. Majority belong to a Roman Catholic Church (about 82%)
 * **G. S**ocial Organization
 * 1. Urban families – small, average of two children
 * **H. H**olidays
 * 1. Christmas Eve- large dinners, music, family gathering, firework display
 * **I. G**reetings
 * 1. Shake hands slightly
 * //**J. F**oods//
 * 1. Typically eat three meals a day

http://www.bolivia.co.uk/underconsimages/fpage.jpg

//<< All google Images>>//
 * II. Bolivia**

> >> 2. much modernization in early 1900’s > >> 3. Resources- minerals, plastered land, fertile soil, timber > >> 4. Many private enterprises – where most money is made > >> 5. Government control- most mining industries and basic industries > >> 6. Developing country > >> 7. 70% of the energy comes from petroleum > >> 8. Other sources of energy- natural gasses and hydroelectricity > >> 2. Per capita GDP: $3,000 > >> 3. One of the poorest countries in Latin America > >> 4. About 2/3 of the population lives in the life of poverty > >> 5. Based on export on raw materials > >> 6. Centered on mining > >> 7. Second largest tin-producing country > >> 8. Also zinc, lead, copper, silver, oil, and natural gas (1/3 of Bolivia’s total exports) ½ of workers engaged in agriculture > >> 9. Domestic food only meets 75% of countries needs > >> 10. Altiplano best suited for agriculture > >> 11. Coffee is major crop > >> 12. Also grow barley, wheat, corn, beans, potatoes, and sugar cane > >> 13. Imports more than exports with deficit paid by Us > >> 14. Exports to US and Great Britain > >> 15. Imports from US, Japan, and Brazil > >> 16. Exports illegal raw coca and partially refined cocaine > >> 2. Legislative power in bicameral congress with 27-member Senate and 130 member Chamber of Deputies > >> 3. Departmental officials appointed by central government > >> 4. Current president- Evo Morales (2007) > >> 5. President can not serve for more then one term > >> 6. Voting age 18 > >> 2. About 40% of the population use Spanish > >> 3. Spanish- used my most schooling, government, businesses, > >> 4. Most rural area and most indigenous people speak their own languages > >> 2. Gold and silver- Since the colonial era most Bolivians use gold and silver for architectural ornaments, and jewelry > >> 3. The Guaraní region- basket weaving and wood carving is common > >> 4. Music is typically divided into three types: east and northeast typically play happy rhythms, romantic and melancholic rhythms are usually played in the 5. Andes Mountains, and the central valleys usually play sophisticated romantic and happy rhythms > >> 6. Instruments- panpipes, vertical flutes, percussion instrument, the charango (a sting guitar resembling instrument made from an armadillo shell > >> 7. Tradtional dances- cueca, tinky, and saya > >> 2. Indigenous belief systems and Protestant minorities present to this day > >> 2. Poor families usually have more children, however many die at infancy from starvation > >> 3. Children – live with their parents until they are married, or even sometimes after they get married > >> 4. Most women work at home > >> 5. Upper and Middle class families often have maids > >> 6. Fathers usually make most family decisions > >> 7. The elderly commonly live with the children’s family > >> 2. Carnaval (Dancing, pouring water on people, and people generally wear costumes) – Saturday before Ash Wednesday > >> 3. Día del Mar (Sea day, the war with Chile on the ocean) – March 23 > >> 4. Father’s day – March 19 > >> 5. Labor day- May 19 > >> 6. Mother’s Day- May 27 > >> 7. Independence Day- August 6 > >> 8. All Saints’ Day- November 1 > >> 9. Christmas / Christmas Eve > >> 10. Three Kings’ Day (Children often receive gifts on this day) – January 6 > >> 2. Often times people add: Señor //(Mr.),// Señora //(Mrs.), or// Señorita //(Miss) before starting a conversation with others// > >> 3. Greetings usually begin with a hand shake > >> 4. If hands are dirty the person may offer an elbow or arm > >> 5. In cities- people typically greet with a kiss on the cheek or near the cheek > >> 6. People commonly walk arm in arm > >> 2. One large or two small meals per day > >> 3. Rural families typically/might eat four meals per day > >> 4. Everything on plates are expected to be eaten > >> 5. Dining is most common during lunch time > >> 6. Hosts are suppose to pay the bill when large families go to a restaurant to eat together
 * **A. T**echnology
 * 1. Railroads, industries, and tin mining
 * **B. E**conomics
 * 1. Currency: Boliviano
 * **C. P**olitics/ Government
 * 1. Republic with executive branch headed by president
 * **D. L**anguage
 * 1. Official languages include Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara
 * **E. A**rt and Tradition
 * 1. Root back to pre-Inca civilizations
 * **F. R**eligion
 * 1. 95% are Roman Catholic
 * G. Social Organization
 * 1. Middle/Upper class – have one to two children
 * **H. H**olidays
 * 1. New Year’s Day
 * **I. G**reetings
 * 1. Most Spanish speakers greet with: ¡Buenos días! //(Good morning),// ¡Buenas tardes! //(Good afternoon), or// ¡Buenas mooches! //(Good evening).//
 * **J. F**ood
 * 1. Most families eat together


 * III. Columbia**

<< All Google Images>>

> >> 2. Beverages, shoes, steel and chemicals are also produced > >> 3. Hampered by lack of capital for investment, poor transportation, small domestic market, and political instability > >> 4. Developing country > >> 5. Most factories are located near: Bogotá, Medellin, and Cali > >> 6. Hydroelectric plants- more then 75% of Columbia’s electricity > >> 7. Average about 1 radio fro every 2 people, and for every 9 people 1 television > >> 8. About 35 newspapers are published daily > >> 2. Coffee is chief crop (second leading coffee exporter)
 * **A. T**echnology
 * 1. Manufacturing devoted to textiles, and food processing
 * **B. E**conomics
 * 1. Agriculture is most important part (employs ¼)

http://www.thebeanshop.com/upload/products/pics/pic100001.jpg >> 4. Other commercial crops include bananas, flowers, sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, and cacao >> 5. Oil- main legal export >> 6. 90% of the world’s emeralds are mined here >> 7. 14%- unemployment rate >> 8. Cattle also raised >> 9. Rich in mineral resources >> 10. Petroleum second most valuable export >> 11. Growing industry and contributes 20% of GNP >> 12. Currency: Peso >> 13. Per capita GDP: $6,200 >> 14. Half of the country is covered with woodlands and forests > >> 2. There are 32 different states > >> 3. Chief executive is president (4-year term, cannot be reelected) > >> 4. Congress contains 102-member Senate and 166-member House of Representatives > >> 5. Columbia divided into 32 departments headed by governors plus Capital District of Bogotá > >> 6. Current president (2007)- Alvaro Uribe > >> 7. Major political parties- Liberal Party and Conservative Party > >> 8. Voting age- 18 > >> 2. Indigenous ethnic groups mostly have their own languages > >> 3. 80 different groups- 40 different languages are spoken > >> 4. Formal education is bilingual > >> 2. Music- influenced strongly by African or Indigenous styles > >> 3. Tropical rhythms- salsa, meringue, and vallenato > >> 4. The Bambuco- national song and dance from the Andes > >> 5. Many weave hammocks, sashes, bags, and blue and red ruanas (wool shawls) > >> 6. Ceramics and decorative trim for clothing and furniture are also produced > >> 2. Protestant and other Christian organizations have a growing membership > >> 3. Catholicism is an important cultural influence > >> 4. Catholic religious instructions still take place in public schools to this day, but they not have to > >> 2. Traditional values take authority over family relations > >> 3. Divorcing is very uncommon > >> 4. Typical family- mother, father, and two to four children > >> 5. Father- provides for family > >> 6. Mother- domestic role > >> 7. More then 1/3 of the working field includes females > >> 8. Children typically live with their parents until he or she is married > >> 9. More then half of the population lives under poverty > >> 10. Family mebers commonly have two family names > >> 2. Epiphany- January 6 > >> 3. St. Joseph’s day- March 19 > >> 4. Easter > >> 5. Labor day- May 1 > >> 6. Independence Day- July 20 > >> 7. Battle of Bovacá- August 7 > >> 8. Alls Saints’ Day- November 1 > >> 9. Christmas > >> 10. - On Christmas Even families eat a very big dinner, pray, sing carols, and exchange gifts > >> 2. Women kiss acquaintances on the cheek, or offer a verbal greeting or handshake > >> 3. Close family members offer a hug > >> 4. Common greetings: //Buenos días!// (Good morning), //¡Buenas tardes!// (Good afternoon), //¡Buenas noches!// (Good evening), and //¿Cómo está?// (How are you?) > >> 5. Common departure phrases: //¡Hasta luego!//, //¡Chao!,// and //¡Nos vemos!// > >> 2. Snacks are commonly eaten > >> 3. Lunch (noon to 2pm) - the main meal of the day > >> 4. Urban areas may eat their main meals at night > >> 5. Supper – 7 to 8 pm > >> 6. National dishes: Arroz con Pollo (chicken with rice), frijoles con chircharrón (pork and beans), and sancocho (stew with chicken, fish, or meat and vegetables > >> 7. Sugar and milk- primary ingredients in most deserts > >> 8. Common Sunday treat- Ice cream > >> 9. Conversation is welcome at the table (to stimulate a feeling of friendliness) > >> 10. Overeating is very rude, but a host may offer more servings > >> 11. Hands over the table is very impolite > >> 12. Eating on the streets is very improper > >> 13. Tipping in a restaurant is not mandatory
 * 3. Flowers and banana- important exports
 * **C. P**olitics/ Government
 * 1. Constitutional Republic
 * **D. L**anguage
 * 1. Majority speak Spanish (the countries official language)
 * **E. A**rt and Tradition
 * 1. Music and dance mainly make up culture
 * **F. R**eligion
 * 1. Freedom of religion- but nearly 90% of the people belong to Roman Catholic Churches
 * **G. S**ocial Organization
 * 1. Unity and support is important
 * **H. H**olidays
 * 1. New Year’s Day
 * **I. G**reetings
 * 1. Men typically shake hands with people
 * **J. F**ood
 * 1. Breakfast- Juice, coffee, hot chocolate, fruit, eggs, bread, or changua (potato-and-egg soup)

<< (All Google Images)>>
 * IV. Venezuela**

> >> 2. Aluminum, steel, and iron production > >> 3. Major industries include cotton and wool textiles, leather goods, cement, petrochemicals, and automobile assembly > >> 4. Also, include food processing, meatpacking, construction materials, etc. > >> 2. Government trying to be less dependant on it > >> 3. Iron ore deposits which is second largest export > >> 4. Hydroelectric power abundant > >> 5. Also gold, diamonds, natural gas, asbestos, bauxite, sulfur, copper, gypsum, limestone, and salt
 * **A. T**echnology
 * 1. Oil refining most important industry
 * B. **E**conomics
 * 1. Heavily dependant on petroleum

http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/dayart/aponline/25083.15Venezuela-World-Bank-IMF.sff.jpg

> >> 2. President (5-year term) > >> 3. Legislative power vested in 165-member unicameral National Assembly > >> 4. Two senators from each state > >> 5. Additional senators appointed to represent minorities > >> 6. Judicial power in Supreme Tribunal of Justice > >> 2. Some indigenous groups do not speak Spanish > >> 3. English required in high school courses > >> 2. Joropo is the national dance > >> 3. Popular music include salsa, meringue, gaitas (Christmas music), and aguinaldos (songs played during Christmas) > >> 4. Literature exemplifies nationalism (developed in 20th centaury) > >> 5. Crafts produced include: musical instruments, canoes, and saddles. > >> 2. Up to 90% is Roman Catholic > >> 3. Faith in god, Virgin Mary, and Catholic saints > >> 4. Generally less religious then in surrounding Latin American countries > >> 5. Rural regions - more devoted to god > >> 6. Urban regions - less devoted to god > >> 2. Extended families in typical households > >> 3. Father is most dominant member of the family > >> 4. Wife is typically in charge of the children and household managing > >> 5. 10% or less workers are women > >> 6. those families who are rich customarily share prosperity with relatives > >> 2. Semana Santa (Holy Week) is during the week after Eater > >> 3. Carnaval- typically celebrated in the eastern portions of Venezuela > >> 4. Annual ferias (festival) take place in cities and towns in honor of saints > >> 2. Women greet with a kiss on the cheek to other close friends > >> 3. Firm handshake to strangers > >> 4. People stand closer to each other during conversation > >> 5. Common greetings and departures: ¡Buenas tardes! (Good afternoon), ¡Buenos días! (Good morning), and ¡Buenas noches! (Good evening). > >> 6. People address each other with nicknames > >> 2. Parents sit at the head of the table > >> 3. It is considered inappropriate for adults to eat on the streets > >> 4. Common foods: pasta, beans, white cheese, rice, plantains, chicken, fish, and potatoes > >> 5. Popular food includes the arepa - fried pancake made from white corn flour, filed with butter, meat, and cheese > >> 6. Open-air markets in many cities > >> 7. Popular fruits: lechoza (papaya), watermelon, mangoes, and bananas > >> 8. Favored drinks: soda and coffee
 * **C. P**olitics/ Government
 * 1. Republic
 * 7. Divided into 23 states, 1 federal district, and 1 federal dependency with 72 Caribbean islands
 * **D. L**anguage
 * 1. Official language is Spanish
 * **E. A**rt and Tradition
 * 1. Llaneros (relevant to cowboys) very important in art work
 * **F. R**eligion
 * 1. Freedom of religion (promised by the constitution)
 * **G. S**ocial Organization
 * 1. Strong interdependent families
 * **H. H**olidays
 * 1. Major holidays include: Carnaval (two days before Ash Wednesday), New Years Eve, New Year’s Day, Ash Wednesday, Christmas Eve, Christmas, and Declaration of Independence (April 19)
 * **I. G**reetings
 * 1. Men use an abrazo to greet close friends (a hug, while patting each other on the back)
 * **J. F**ood
 * 1. Main meal is lunch


 * V. Chile**


 * << All Google Images>>**

> >> 2. Mining important role > >> 3. Imports more then 90% of its petroleum > >> 4. Hydroelectric power plants- produces more then half of Chile’s electric power > >> 5. Petroleum and natural gases- creates the rest of the power needed > >> 2. Foreign debts are decreasing > >> 3. Men’s wages are still higher then women’s wages > >> 4. Government- created a program to help poor in small-businesses, creating a home to low-income families, and donating money to poorer schools > >> 5. Families under the poverty factor has decreased > >> 6. Large producer of Copper- 40% of exports > >> 7. Fresh fruit- another important exports > >> 8. Expand exporting with international free-trade agreements > >> 9. Currency: Peso (CLP) > >> 2. 13 regions (Region one is located north) > >> 3. Current president (2007)- President Michelle Bachelet > >> 4. Congress has two houses- Senate (38 members) and Chamber of Deputies (120 members) > >> 5. Legislative- located in Valparaiso city > >> 6. Voting age- 18 > >> 2. In many schools English is often taught > >> 3. Minority groups often speak German and Mapuche (in Southern parts) > >> 2. European arts and music > >> 3. Traditional art- base for many modern artists and musicians > >> 4. Textile and pottery (based off the designs of indigenous people)- base of many modern designs > >> 5. Current music and dance- based off Native and Spanish heritages > >> 6. National dance- the cueca > >> 7. Folk music- influential in political and social improvement > >> 8. Instruments- accordion, guitarrón, guitar, harp, rabel, and piano > >> 2. 80%- belong to a Roman Catholic Church > >> 3. Most others belong to other Christian churches, or a Protestant group > >> 4. Small minority of Jews > >> 5. Indigenous people- follows other religious beliefs > >> 6. Religious freedom in all parts > >> 2. Past- men dominated the households > >> 3. Present-a women take part in many chief political and business positions, while father takes lead in family duties > >> 4. Mother- influences decision-making > >> 5. Family accept two family names (the last name of the mother’s family and the second-to-last name if father’s name) > >> 3. Labor Day- May 1 > >> 4. Naval Battle of Iquique- May 21 > >> 5. Day of National Unity- September 11 > >> 6. Armed Forces Day- September 19 > >> 7. Independence Day- September 18 > >> 8. During Independence Day- spend day at the park, drink Chicha, eat empanadas, and dance > >> 9. Christmas- family holiday, mostly celebrated like those who celebrate it in North America, but it is in the summer > >> 2. The abrazo (a type of greeting)- handshake and hug, with a kiss to the right cheek for most women and family members > >> 3. The abrazo may also be repeated when one is leaving > >> 4. Greetings-//¡Gusto de verte!// (Nice to see you), and //¿Cómo estás?// (“How are you?”) > >> 5. Parting phrase- Chao (bye) > >> 6. Most address people with: //Señor// (Mr.), //Señora// (Mrs.), and //Señorita// (Miss), //Doctor/a//, //Director/a//, //Profesor/a// (with strangers and acquaintances) > >> 2. Lighter meals- eaten 8 to 10 PM > >> 3. Afternoon tea time (tea, beverages, small sandwiches, cookies, and cakes)- 5 to 6 PM > >> 4. Meals are eaten in a continental fashion > >> 5. Impolite to leave after eating- stay for conversation > >> 6. Eating food (besides ice cream) is impolite while walking in public > >> 7. Fast food- very popular > >> 8. National dishes include either: seafood, fish, beef, chicken, beans, eggs, or corn > >> 9. Favorite dishes: //pastel de choclo// (a baked meal of beef, chicken, onions, corn, eggs, and spices), //empanadas de horno// (meat turnovers with beef, hard-boiled eggs, onions, olives, and raisins), //cazuela de ave// (chicken soup), and //ensalada chilena// (cold tomato-and-onion salad) > >> 10. Well known for wines – Pisco (a grape brandy wine) is its national drink
 * **A. T**echnology
 * 1. Service industries and manufacture- GDP
 * **B. E**conomics
 * 1. One of the strongest
 * **C. P**olitics/Government
 * 1. Republic- with a multiparty democracy
 * **D. L**anguage
 * 1. The official language is Spanish (often called Castellano)
 * **E. A**rt and Tradition
 * 1. Poetry is very powerful- most know for
 * **F. R**eligion
 * 1. Most believe in a Christian faith
 * G. Social Organization
 * 1. Family unit includes extended family
 * **H. H**olidays
 * 1. New Year’s Day- most important holiday
 * 2. Easter
 * **I. G**reetings
 * 1. Greetings- emphasize and recognizes and welcome
 * J. Food
 * 1. Main meal- eaten during midday


 * VI. Peru**

<<(All Google Images)>>

> >> 2. Plants process exports of raw material > >> 3. Large factories produce furniture, paper products, chemicals, steal, and processed food > >> 4. Most road are unpaved > >> 5. One automobile for every 50 people > >> 6. Llamas- pack animals in highlands > >> 7. There are two airlines > >> 2. Half of the population lives in poverty > >> 3. Natural resources: iron ore, timber, silver, gold, oil, and fish > >> 4. Important agricultural products: Potatoes, rice, wheat, and sugarcane > >> 5. 1/3 of employment is from agriculture > >> 6. Currency: Nuevo sol > >> 7. Trade with: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela > >> 8. Dependence on drug trade > >> 2. 24 departments > >> 3. (2007) president currently is Alejandro Toledo > >> 4. Constitution- president can serve for two consecutive terms > >> 5. Executive branch – president, two vice presidents, and council of minister > >> 6. The Unicameral congress- 120 members > >> 7. Supreme court- 16 judges > >> 8. Political parties: Peru Possible Party, the National Unity Party, the Independent Moralizing Front, and the Popular Action Party > >> 9. Voting age is 18 years > >> 2. 30% of the indigenous population doesn’t speak Spanish > >> 3. Many are taught English as another language > >> 2. Three traditional instruments: Charango (a small guitar) the antara (assortment of vertical flutes), and the quena (similar to a recorder) > >> 3. Typical types of dances from the mountains: baile de las tigeras and huayno > >> 4. The //cajón – African descendent dance// > >> 5. //Folk arts// > >> 6. //Clothing from thick wool// > >> 7. //Pottery and metalworking// > >> 8. //Indigenous literary genre- indijanista// > >> 9. //Peruvian literature- romantic// > >> 2. About 90% are Roman Catholic > >> 2. Nuclear families- average of three children > >> 3. Father is head of household > >> 4. Mother- takes care of children and household duties > >> 5. 1/3 labor forces include females > >> 6. New married couples often live with parents until they can afford their own place > >> 2. Independence day (July 28) – one of the most popular days > >> >> 2. Women often kiss others who are close friends and family members >> >> 3. Arm around the shoulder- polite way to greet others >> >> 4. Typical greetings and departures: //¡Buenas tardes!// (Good afternoon), //¡Buenos días!// (Good morning), and //¡Buenas noches!// (Good evening/night) >> >> 2. Corn- important to indigenous people >> >> 3. High land dishes- garlic, potatoes, and onions > > > >>> 5. Eat in a continental style > >>> 6. Table manners are important > >>> 7. Guests must eat all food offered > >>> 8. Tip expected in the restaurant > **VII. Uruguay** > >  > <> > > >> >> 2. Manufacturing makes up 20% of Uruguay’s GDP >> >> 3. There are no deposits of petroleum, natural gasses, or coal >> >> 4. Imports of fuel >> >> 5. Hydroelectric power for electricity >> >> 6. Development of roads >> >> 7. Railroad system – operated by government >> >> 8. Most of population owns a radio >> >> 9. 1 television for every 4 people >> >> 10. 2 dozen general newspapers >> >> 11. Freedom of press by Constitution >> >> 2. World leaders in wool production and cattle production >> >> 3. Chief products: rice, sorghum, wheat, and corn >> >> 4. Members of Mercosur (Southern Common Market) >> >> 5. Struggles in some economical sections >> >> 6. Issues: low wages, high unemployment, and raise in prices >> >> 7. 1/3 of all income is earned by women >> >> 8. Access to health care and education >> >> 9. Currency: Uruguayan peso (UY) >> >> 2. Current president (2007) - Tabaré Vázquez >> >> 3. Divided into 19 provinces >> >> 4. Executive branch – lead by presidents and vice president >> >> 5. Presidents may not run for consecutive terms >> >> 6. General assembly – 30 seat changer of senators and 99 seat chamber of representatives >> >> 7. Political parties – Colorado Party, National Party, and Broad Front Coalition >> >> 8. Voting age begins at age 18 >> >> 2. Northern bordered areas – people speak mixes of Spanish and Portuguese >> >> 3. Second languages include Portuguese and English >> >> 4. Minority groups sepal Italian and other languages >> >> 2. Often times paintings are influenced through local these: history, the gaucho, and rural life >> >> 3. Tango music and dances are very admired >> >> 4. Traditional dances: milonga and the vidalita >> >> 5. Productions of Carnival theater are often performed >> >> 2. No secular religious >> >> 3. Religious freedom >> >> 4. About 50% to 65% belong to Roman Catholic Churches >> >> 5. Little more then 1% - believe in the Jewish faith >> >> 2. Average of two children per family >> >> 3. Nuclear families >> >> 4. Father holds most power in family >> >> 5. Many families are still patriarchal >> >> 6. Many women work and study outside their households >> >> 7. Children stay at home until he or she is married >> >> 8. Wealthy families manage and direct politics and economy >> >> 2. Celebrations for local saints >> >> 3. New Year’s Eve and Christmas Even have family gatherings and fireworks at midnight >> >> 2. Closer friends and family members are greeted with an abrazo >> >> 3. Women greet with a kiss on the cheek >> >> 4. No greetings toward strangers met on the street >> >> 5. People greet all when arriving at a social function >> >> 6. People are addressed by his or her right name or surname >> >> 2. Principle grains include wheat and rice >> >> 3. Beef is eaten almost everyday >> >> 4. Traditional dishes: asado (beef which is grilled), milanesa (steak which is fried and breaded), and guiso (beef that is grounded, served with rice, egg, and onion) >> >> 5. Most eat in a continental style >> >> 6. Elbows are not allowed on the table while ating >> >> 7. It is impolite to use a toothpick in public >> >> 8. Traditionally eat a very light breakfast >> >> 9. The main meal is usually eaten around one or two P.M. >> >> 10. Dinner is always a light meal then the rest > > **VIII. Paraguay** >   > << All Google Images>> > > >> >> 2. Manufacturing accounts for 15% of the country’s GDP >> >> 3. Large factories are in Asunción >> >> 4. Mainly uses hydroelectric power >> >> 5. Rivers used as main source for transportation >> >> 6. Major cities connect with high way >> >> 7. Less then 2% of the population owns their own automobiles >> >> 8. Major railroad on the Atlantic coast >> >> 9. Airport handles all major international flights >> >> 10. Four daily newspapers >> >> 2. The growth of cotton is a primary cash crop which is grown by many rural families >> >> 3. Important export includes beef >> >> 4. Economic problems: foreign debts, unemployment rate is high, trained workforces are lacked, lack of transportation, and problems with the government >> >> 5. There is a lot of deforestation, which errors in the timber industry >> >> 6. 1/3 or more of the population lives under poverty >> >> 7. Is apart of the Mercosur trade >> >> 8. Economy is still very weak >> >> 9. Currency: //guaraní// (PYG) >> >> 2. 17 different provinces >> >> 3. (2007) current president is Nicanor Duarte Frutos >> >> 4. President can not run for two terms that are consecutive >> >> 5. Legislator consist of 45 Chamber of senators and 80 Chamber of Deputies >> >> 6. Voting begins at age 18 >> >> 7. Principle parties: Colorado Party and the Authentic Radical Liberal Party >> >> 2. Spanish: language of urban commerce, government, and schooling >> >> 3. Most speak/can understand English >> >> 2. Popular crafts: pottery, embroidery, and wood and stone carvings >> >> 3. Western influences in music >> >> 4. Music includes Latino polkas and ballads >> >> 5. Dancing is influenced from Spain >> >> 6. Harp is a very important instrument >> >> 2. Catholicism is vital in the role in society >> >> 3. Some are protestants and Christian >> >> 4. Rural people tend to mix Christian beliefs with other traditional beliefs >> >> 2. Families consist of well behaved and polite children >> >> 3. Father is the head of the household and mother takes care of household duties >> >> 4. Rural women are involved with agriculture >> >> 5. 40% consist of women for are in the labor force >> >> 6. Most families live in brick or wooden homes >> >> 7. Nearly all homes consist of electricity and running water >> >> 2. Semana Santa is the holy week before Easter where many families gather for celebration >> >> 2. Guaraní greeting are used more commonly when greeting friends or family members >> >> 3. Always shake hands when people greet >> >> 4. People who feel for the first will kiss each other on the cheeks >> >> 5. Urban men are commonly addressed by their last name >> >> 6. Younger people usually reference others by a nickname >> >> 7. Elders are often greeted with hands in a prayer position >> >> 2. Lunch is the main meal >> >> 3. Important foods includes: mandioca, sopa Paraguaya, Chila (cheese bread), empanadas, and tortillas >> >> 4. Commonly eaten by adults includes beef >> >> 5. Many also teat chicken and port dishes >> >> 6. Rural family members often eat when they have time >> >> 7. Urban families eat their main meal at a specific time together >> >> 8. Not finishing food put on plate is considered rude to the cook >> >> 9. Few people drink during meal time >> >> 10. Barbecues are a popular gathering for many family members >> >> 11. Eating or drinking is common in public areas >> >> 12. Food sharing is a common custom during a snack time >> >> 13. Tips are not expected to be given to the waiters in a restaurant > > **IX. Brazil** > >   > << All google Images>> > > >> >> 2. Highest GDP in South America >> >> 3. Many private enterprises >> >> 4. Government control over steel industries and other basic industries >> >> 5. Hydroelectric power produces nearly all of Brazil’s electricity >> >> 6. Brazil produces most of its own oil >> >> 7. Major producer of television programs >> >> 2. Poverty level- 20% of the population >> >> //3. Currency – the real// >> >> 4. Unemployment is low in some areas, but higher in large cities (São Paulo) >> >> 5. Agriculture employs almost 20% of the population >> >> 6. Large producer of- coffee, oranges, and bananas >> >> 7. Industrial exports- automobiles and part, textiles, mineral, metals >> >> 8. Many natural gasses are imported >> >> 9. Part of mercosur- regional free trade pact with Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay >> >> 2. Independence- September 7, 1822 >> >> 3. Based on Roman codes- government >> >> 4. 26 states and 1 federal district (Brasília) >> >> 5. Current president (2007) - Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva >> >> 6. 1997- Amendment allows for governors, mayors, and presidents to run to two consecutive terms >> >> 7. Voting is required between the ages of 18 to 70 >> >> 2. English and French- popular second languages >> >> 3. Spanish- popular for trading purposes >> >> 4. Southern cities- German and Italian languages are very popular >> >> 5. For then 100 languages can be spoken by Indigenous people >> >> 2. Samba- most popular music uses African rhythm blends >> >> 3. Weaving and pottery- often have religious scenes >> >> 4. String instrument are influenced by European movements >> >> 5. Artists and writers combine traditional and modern styles >> >> 2. 95% - belong to a Catholic Church >> >> 3. Many only tend church for religious holidays >> >> 4. Afro- Brazilian religions combine in northeast and urban areas countrywide >> >> 5. Some indigenous Africans believe with Catholicism >> >> 2. Nuclear families- 1 to 3 children >> >> 3. Family is typically lead by the father >> >> 4. Mother influences decision making >> >> 5. Children – stay with family until married >> >> 6. Elder live with children because it known to be inappropriate to send them to live in a nursing home >> >> 7. Family ties are very strong >> >> 8. Middle income families- live in apartments or reserved homes >> >> 9. Women and children work to support families > <> > > >>> 3. Street parades, dancing, parties, drinking, costumes, music > >>> 4. Prepare costumes > >>> 5. Tiradentes day – April 21 > >>> 6. Easter > >>> 7. Labor day- May 19, 2007 Impendence Day > >>> 8. September 7 > >>> 9. Memorial day- November 2 > >>> 10. Republic day- November 15 > >>> 11. Christmas Eve- eat big meals and exchange gifts > >>> 12. New Year’s Eve- large parties and people place candles and flowers on different beaches >> >> 2. Kiss on alternating cheeks- popular among people except one male to another >> >> 3. Common among people: Olá//.// Tudo bem? - //(Hello. Is everything fine?)// >> >> 4. When one is leaving, often times one will answer with Tcháu //(Good-bye) and// Até logo //(See you soon)// > > >>> 2. Breakfast- coffee, milk, fruits, bread with marmalade > >>> 3. Lunch- beans, rice, meat, salsa, potatoes, bread, and fruit > >>> 4. Foods often spiced with dendê (palm oil) > >>> 5. Common drinks- lemonade, milk, fruit juices, shakes, soft drinks, coffee, and mate (a herbal tea, which is mainly drunken in Southern States > >>> 6. Meal time is usually with friends and family members > >>> 7. Sundays- usually a day where families get together with extended members > >>> 8. After meals family members usually drink black tea (//cafézinho)// > **X. Ecuador** > >    > <> > > >> >> 2. Lack of roads on high lands >> >> 3. New roads are being built >> >> 4. Less then 3% of the population owns their own automobiles >> >> 5. International airports in the cities of Quito and Guayaquil >> >> 6. 35 daily newspapers >> >> 7. Approximately two radios for every five people >> >> 8. Approximately one television for every five people >> >> 9. Telephone system is controlled by the government >> >> 2. Past devastations include: low prices on bananas and oil, banking sector problems, foreign debts, and natural disasters >> >> 3. Economy help includes: foreign investments and oil prices raising >> >> 4. Unemployment is high >> >> 5. Majority of the population lives in poverty >> >> 6. Currency: United States Dollar >> >> 7. 1/3 of population is employed in an agricultural field >> >> 8. Highest exporter in bananas >> >> 9. Half the nation’s exports included petroleum, which then is followed by cocoa, coffee, shrimp, and fish. >> >> 2. Executive branch holds the president and vice presidents positions >> >> 3. Current (2007) president is Alfredo Palacio >> >> 4. The unicameral legislature consists of 100 members >> >> 5. Elections run very four years >> >> 6. Voting age begins at 18 >> >> 7. Political parties: Popular Democratic, Roldosista, and Social Christian parties >> >> 2. Other languages include: Quichua, Saraguro, Otavalan, and Chimborazo >> >> 3. Spanish is spoken at a slower pace in the highlands then on the coasts >> >> 2. Other instruments include: bamboo flutes and panpipes >> >> 3. The Bomba is a rhythmic dance which influenced Africa >> >> 4. Popular folk songs include: pasillo, pasacalle, and yumbo >> >> 5. Younger teens enjoy salsa dancing >> >> 6. Weaving includes: bags, sashes, carpets, and Panama hats >> >> 7. Wooden carvings include of the saints or Christ >> >> 8. Other arts include: musical instruments, jewelry, and decorative crosses >> >> 2. Many holidays are influenced by a Catholic faith >> >> 3. Families celebrate baptism, and confirmation >> >> 2. Nuclear families live under one roof >> >> 3. Mothers earn the role of taking care and raising children >> >> 4. Children live with parents until he or she becomes married >> >> 5. Urban average of children is two >> >> 6. Rural average of children is three >> >> 2. Carnaval season (March or February) includes a week of dances, parties, parades >> >> 3. Easter >> >> 4. Inti Raymi is a festival of the sun which occurs in June >> >> 5. Independence of Quito Day (August 10) marks the nations first efforts towards reaching Independence >> >> 6. Christmas is also very important >> >> 2. Then the people exchange good wishes for one another >> >> 3. Closer friends and relatives greet with a kiss on the cheek >> >> 4. People greet strangers when passing them along the streets or in stores >> >> 2. Soup is always served >> >> 3. Popular snack includes hot bread >> >> 4. Favorite dishes: Arroz con pollo, locro, ceviche, and fritada >> >> 5. Each holiday consists of its own special food >> >> 6. Meal time typically consists of a good conversation >> >> 7. Leaving food on the plate is improper >> >> 8. Host pays the bill when at a restaurant > > **Other Nations' Effects On Culture:** > > I. Argentina > > >> § European influence through immigration (97% of Argentines are English, German, Welsh, Spanish, Russian, French, or Italian) > >> § Art and music affected by European influence >> >> o Symphonic music > >> § Brazil, largest trading partner, effects economy > >> § European (more fashionable) and North American attire > >> § Primary food originated in Italy and French foods available > II. Bolivia (Poorer country with culture based mainly on indigenous people and traditions) > > >> § 25% of population are of mixed European and native descent and 15% European descent > >> § Western-styled clothing > III. Brazil > > >> § 1580-1640- controlled by British > >> § 50% of population of European descent, mostly Portuguese > >> § 8% African descent (descended from slaves) > >> § Other languages from Spain, France, England, Germany, and Italian > >> § Religions such as Candomblé, Macumba, and Xangô from mixed African and European descent > >> § Popular urban fashions from Europe, especially Italy > >> § Music and art influenced by all cultures > IV. Chile > > > <> > > > >> § 95% of population of European or mixed European descent >> >> o Ancestry in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Croatia, Russia, Syria, or Lebanon > >> § German and English also spoken > >> § Fashionable clothing from Europe > >> § Lower-class clothing from USA > >> § Popular music can be from Europe > V. Columbia > > >> § Many blacks descending from slaves and many Spanish > >> § Music has African roots > VI. Ecuador > > >> § Conquered and enslaved by Spanish in 1534 (official language) > >> § 7% of Spanish descent and 3% of African descent > >> § Western-style clothing > > << Google Images>> > > VII. Paraguay > > >> § Some Asians (merchants) live there > >> § Spanish culture evident in art > >> § Part of Mercosur trade bloc with Argentina, and Uruguay > VIII. Peru > > >> § 15% European descent (mostly Spanish), 3% black > >> § English taught to more educated > >> § Member of trade bloc with Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela > IX. Uruguay > > >> § 88% Spanish, Italian, or Portuguese > >> § 4% black > >> § 2nd languages include English and Portuguese > >> § European dress common > >> § Italian pastas and gnocchi eaten > > <. > > > X. Venezuela > > >> § 67% of population of mixed-European and black descent and 10% black > >> § Students required to take English > >> § European clothing popular in both urban and traditional peoples > >> § Pasta (common) from Italy > > **INTERVIEW: We interviewed a white Brazilian male named Johnny and asked him a few questions about South America to help us see culture firsthand. Here is what he said:** > 1) What is your religion? Crente > 2) What is your ethnicity? German, Italian > 3) What foods do you like? Pizza > 4)What foods are popular in Brazil? Arroz feijas > 6) What kind of music do you like? Rock > 9)What are some of your favorite South American holidays? World Cup > > Map of South America: > > > <> > > **Essential Questions: What do we need to know?** DUE May 9th: Please list your essential questions below: > > > > > **Works Cited: Where did you get your information** DUE the day you teach: Please list your works cited below: > code > Owensby, Brian P, and Mary Weismantel. "Latin America." __World Book Online__ > __Reference Center__. 2007. World Book. 9 May 2007 > . > code > > code > "South America." __Volume Library__. Ed. Georgia L. Brazil, Carolyn M. King, and > Barbara J. Reed. Vol. 2. Nashville, Tennessee: Southwestern, 2003. 4-36. > > > code >
 * **A. T**echnology
 * 1. Manufacturing plants are located on the coasts use workers
 * **B. E**conomics
 * 1. Unemployment is high
 * **C. P**olitics/ Government
 * 1. Republic
 * **D. L**anguage
 * 1. Official languages: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
 * **E. A**rt and Tradition
 * 1. Music is very important
 * **F. R**eligion
 * 1. Freedom of religion
 * **G. S**ocial Organization
 * 1. Family is very important
 * **H. H**olidays
 * 1. New Year’s Day
 * a.~Fireworks
 * >> >>> b.~Schools and businesses closed
 * 3. National day (July 29)
 * >> 4. Christmas
 * >> 5. Local holidays – in order to honor saints
 * **I. G**reetings
 * 1. First hand accounts – usually shake hands
 * **J. F**ood
 * 1. Most foods include: beans, fish, rice, and other fruits
 * 4. Bargaining in market places for certain food items
 * A. Technology
 * 1. Industries make up 68% of Uruguay’s GDP
 * B. Economics
 * 1. Fertile land – Greatest natural resourced used in livestock and agriculture production
 * C. Politics/ Government
 * 1. Democratic republic
 * D. Language
 * 1. Official language is Spanish
 * E. Art and Tradition
 * 1. Traditional arts and literature is rich
 * F. Religion
 * 1. a Secular country
 * G. Social Organization
 * 1. Strong family ties
 * H. Holidays
 * 1. Most important holidays include: Children’s day( January 6), New Year’s Day, Easter (which includes Good Friday and Holy Thursday), Carnival, Christmas, and Christmas Eve.
 * I. Greetings
 * 1. Men greet with hand shakes
 * J. Food
 * 1. Country produces most of its own food
 * **A. T**echnology
 * 1. Service industries account for 55% of the country’s GDP
 * **B. E**conomics
 * 1. Formally based on agriculture
 * **C. P**olitics/ Government
 * 1. Constitutional democracy
 * **D. L**anguage
 * 1. Spanish and Guaraní are the two official languages
 * **E. A**rt and Tradition
 * 1. Affected by Spanish and Guaraní heritages
 * **F. R**eligion
 * 1. 90% are Roman Catholic
 * **G. S**ocial Organization
 * 1. Families consist of extended family members
 * **H. H**olidays
 * 1. Important holidays include: New Year’s Day, Carnaval (in February), Independence Day (14-15 of May), Semana Santa, Constitutions Day (August 25) and Christmas
 * **I. G**reetings
 * 1. Spanish greetings are more commonly used when greeting strangers
 * **J. F**ood
 * 1. Breakfast consists of coffee, rolls or pastries, and bread and butter
 * **A. T**echnology
 * 1. Factories and service industries bring Brazil its GDP
 * B. **E**conomics
 * 1. Brazil has the largest economy, and 8th largest in the world
 * **C. P**olitics/Government
 * 1. Strong federative republic government
 * **D. L**anguage
 * 1. Official language- Portuguese
 * **E. A**rt and Tradition
 * 1. Music, dance, and festival influences
 * **F. R**eligion
 * 1. Strongly Roman Catholic
 * **G. S**ocial Organization
 * 1. Large families and many include extended family
 * **H. H**olidays
 * 1. Carnaval- five days after Ash Wednesday
 * 2. Most famous holiday
 * **I. G**reetings
 * 1. Handshakes
 * //**J. F**ood//
 * 1. Diet- includes typically meat, bread, rice, beans, cheese, and eggs
 * **A. T**echnology
 * 1. Major productions of manufactured goods
 * **B. E**conomics
 * 1. Economy is slowly building
 * **C. P**olitics/ Government
 * 1. Republic
 * **D. L**anguage
 * 1. Spanish is official language
 * **E. A**rt and Tradition
 * 1. Reflection of different mixed cultures
 * **F. R**eligion
 * 1. More the 80% follow a Catholic belief
 * **G. S**ocial Organization
 * 1. Families are very close-knit
 * **H. H**olidays
 * 1. New Year’s Eve is very important
 * **I. G**reetings
 * 1. Hand shakes are the first gestures used when people meet
 * **J. F**ood
 * 1. Main meal is typically eaten during the midday
 * § Spanish colonization in 1500’s influences culture (especially language)
 * o Operas
 * § American and Central American music listened to
 * § Under Spanish control by 1538 (affected language, Spanish is official)
 * § Colonized by Portuguese in 1500’s (donated official language)
 * § Incas from Peru first explored Chile in mid-15th century
 * § 1536- Chile claimed as Spain’s
 * o Middle-eastern immigrants
 * § Official language provided by Spain
 * § Spanish settled in 1500’s (official language)
 * § Original indigenous people conquered by Incas in late 1400’s
 * § 1524- Spanish explorers arrived (one official language)
 * § 1532- invaded by Spanish (one official language)
 * 1500’s to 1600’s, Spanish (official language) and Portuguese colonize and drive out indigenous people
 * § Dependent on Argentina and Brazil for economy
 * § Conquered by Spanish in early 1500’s (official language)

> code > Snaden, James N. "South America." __Grolier Online__. Grolier Online. __Grolier__ > __Multimedia Encyclopedia__. Scholastic Lib. 8 May 2007 > . > code > > code > "Peru, Urugary, Paraguary, Brazil, Ecuador." > __http://www.worldgeography.abc-clio.com__. 2007. ABC-CLIO. 8 May 2007 > . > code